One official language, several recognised regional languages
English and French are Canada's two official languages at federal level, an institutional bilingualism unique among the major English-speaking countries, inherited from the country's dual British and French foundation. French remains, however, largely concentrated in Quebec, where it is the only official provincial language, and in francophone pockets of New Brunswick, Ontario and Manitoba; nationally, English overwhelmingly dominates everyday life outside Quebec.
English
Co-official with French at federal level; the de facto sole official language in most provinces other than Quebec and New Brunswick.
French
The only official language of Quebec since the Charter of the French Language (1977); co-official with English in New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, and at federal level.
Indigenous languages (Cree, Inuktitut, Ojibwe...)
More than 70 distinct Indigenous languages recorded; Inuktitut is co-official with English and French in Nunavut, and eleven languages (including Tłı̨chǫ, Gwich'in and several Dene dialects) are official in the Northwest Territories.
Immigrant languages (Mandarin, Punjabi, Cantonese, Spanish, Tagalog, Arabic...)
Spoken by a growing share of the population, especially in the large metropolitan areas (Toronto, Vancouver, Montreal), reflecting diverse immigration.